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末永 大輝*; 荒木 康史; 鈴木 渓; 安井 繁宏*
Physical Review D, 105(7), p.074028_1 - 074028_19, 2022/04
被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：36.77(Astronomy & Astrophysics)本論文では、クォーク物質中での近藤効果が、磁場下においてヘビークォークのスピン偏極を誘起する新たなメカニズムを提案する。高密度クォーク物質中では、アップ・ダウン等のライトクォークに対してチャーム・ボトム等のヘビークォークが不純物として働き、カラー交換により相互作用を増幅する「QCD近藤効果」が起こることが理論的に示唆されている。この際にヘビークォークとライトクォークによって構成される近藤凝縮により、ヘビークォークとライトクォークのスピンは混成する。そのため、クォーク物質中でライトクォークが磁場と結合すると、近藤凝縮を介してヘビークォークのスピン偏極も誘起される。このメカニズムを示すため、Nambu-Jona-Lasinio型の相互作用を持つモデルを用い、
ゲージ対称性を考慮した頂点補正を加味して計算を行う。これにより磁場下で誘起されるヘビークォークのスピン偏極を線形応答理論に基づいて調べ、近藤効果の発現によってヘビークォークのスピン偏極が如実に誘起されることを示す。これらの結果は今後、符号問題を回避した格子シミュレーションにより検証が期待される。
石川 力*; 中山 勝政*; 鈴木 渓
Physical Review D, 104(9), p.094515_1 - 094515_11, 2021/11
被引用回数：4 パーセンタイル：37.94(Astronomy & Astrophysics)「ウィルソン・フェルミオン」と呼ばれる格子上のフェルミ粒子に対する近藤効果を記述する模型を構築し、様々な物理現象の予言・解明を行った。模型として、軽いウィルソン・フェルミオンと重いフェルミオンとの4点相互作用を含むカイラルGross-Neveu模型に対する平均場アプローチを用いた。結果として、ゼロ質量のウィルソン・フェルミオンからなる有限密度媒質において近藤効果が実現可能であることを示し、それに伴う近藤凝縮と軽いフェルミオン対の凝縮(スカラー凝縮)との共存相が存在可能であることを示した。このとき、スカラー凝縮が消える臨界的な化学ポテンシャルの値は近藤効果によってシフトする。さらに、負質量を持つウィルソン・フェルミオンにおいては、パリティ対称性が自発的に破れた相(Aoki phase)が生じることが知られているが、Aoki phaseが生じるパラメータ領域近傍で近藤効果も増幅されることを示した。本研究の発見は、ディラック半金属,トポロジカル絶縁体などの物質や、将来的な格子シミュレーションにおける不純物の役割を明らかにするために役立つことが期待される。
荒木 康史; 末永 大輝*; 鈴木 渓; 安井 繁宏*
Physical Review Research (Internet), 3(2), p.023098_1 - 023098_17, 2021/05
相対論的フェルミオンのスピンは軌道自由度と強い相関を持つ。このような相対論的粒子と非相対論的粒子が混在する場合の効果として、本研究ではスピン-軌道帯磁率に着目する。スピン-軌道帯磁率は軌道磁場(粒子の軌道運動に対してベクトルポテンシャルとして働く磁場の効果)に対するスピン偏極の応答として定義されるものであり、スピン-軌道相互作用に起因するものである。理論解析の結果、相対論的粒子と非相対論的粒子の混成がある場合、スピン-軌道帯磁率はバンド混成点近傍のフェルミエネルギーで変化することが示された。この混成効果により、磁場下では非相対論的粒子のスピン偏極も誘起されることが明らかになった。さらにこの混成効果は、熱平衡を破るような動的な磁場の摂動下では増強されることを明らかにした。スピン-軌道帯磁率に対するこれらの効果は、固体中のディラック電子に対する結晶対称性の破れや不純物ドープ、および相対論的重イオン衝突における軽いクォークと重いクォークの混成といった状況下で、実験的に実現されうることを議論する。
末永 大輝*; 荒木 康史; 鈴木 渓; 安井 繁宏*
Physical Review D, 103(5), p.054041_1 - 054041_17, 2021/03
被引用回数：5 パーセンタイル：45.23(Astronomy & Astrophysics)本論文ではクォーク物質中のカイラル分離効果に対して、近藤効果、すなわち重い不純物による非摂動的効果が与える影響を議論する。カイラル分離効果は、相対論的フェルミオンが磁場下でカイラリティ依存のカレント(軸性カレント)を示す現象であり、クォーク物質等の相対論的フェルミオンに特徴的な現象である。本研究では、軽いクォークと重いクォークによって構成される近藤凝縮を含む有効模型に基づき、静的および動的な磁場下での軸性カレントの応答関数を評価した。その結果、磁場が静的・動的どちらの場合も、近藤効果によりカイラル分離効果は増強されることが示された。特に動的な磁場下では、カイラル分離効果は約3倍に増強されることを明らかにした。以上の効果により、クォーク物質中に不純物として含まれる重いクォークは、磁場下での軽いクォークのカレントに対して重要な役割を果たすことが示唆される。
荒木 康史; 末永 大輝*; 鈴木 渓; 安井 繁宏*
Physical Review Research (Internet), 3(1), p.013233_1 - 013233_12, 2021/03
本論文では、不純物自由度の性質によって類別される二種類の相対論的近藤効果について、理論的考察を行う。特に、軽いディラックフェルミオンと重い不純物フェルミオンから構成される「凝縮」を含む基底状態の分散関係に注目する。ここでの重いフェルミオン自由度は、高エネルギー物理学においてヘビークォーク有効理論(HQET)として知られている有効理論(すなわち、ディラックフェルミオンに対して非相対論的極限をとることで得られる低エネルギー有効理論)を用いて記述される。ここでは二種類のHQETを採用し、一つ目のHQETは重いフェルミオンの粒子成分のみを含み、二つ目のHQETは粒子成分と反粒子成分の両方を含む(粒子と反粒子は逆のパリティを持つ)。これらの二つの有効理論から定性的に異なる二種類の近藤効果が現れることを示す。二種類の近藤効果を比較すると、フェルミ面近傍における(近藤効果としての)性質は類似している一方、運動量が小さい領域(赤外領域)のバンド構造は異なることが分かる。これらの近藤効果はディラック/ワイル反金属やクォーク物質における観測量に影響するだけでなく、格子シミュレーションや冷却原子シミュレーションによって数値的に検証されることが期待される。
末永 大輝*; 鈴木 渓; 荒木 康史; 安井 繁宏*
Physical Review Research (Internet), 2(2), p.023312_1 - 023312_13, 2020/06
近藤効果はフェルミ面近傍の軽いフェルミオンと重い不純物との相互作用によって引き起こされ、物質の電気的・熱的・輸送的性質に影響を及ぼす。一方、カイラリティ(右巻き・左巻き)はディラック粒子・ワイル粒子などの相対論的フェルミオンが持つ基本的な性質の一つである。通常の物質においては右巻き・左巻き粒子の数は均衡しているが、これらが不均衡となる系もクォーク物質や電子系において興味が持たれている。本論文では、相対論的フェルミオンのカイラリティ不均衡(有限の「カイラル化学ポテンシャル」を持つ系)によって生じる近藤効果を理論的に提案した。この効果は右巻き(または左巻き)の軽いフェルミオンと重い不純物粒子との混合によって引き起こされるが、これは有限密度(化学ポテンシャル)によって生じる通常の近藤効果とは少し異なる状況である。我々は相対論的フェルミオンと不純物粒子間の相互作用を持つ有効模型を構築し、(1)摂動計算と(2)平均場近似による非摂動的アプローチの二つの手法を用いてこの効果が実現することを示した。さらに、近藤効果に対する温度依存性・結合定数依存性・感受率の振る舞いや相転移の次数などを議論した。このような近藤効果の性質は、将来的な格子シミュレーションで検証されることが期待される。
pairs from open heavy flavor in 
and 
collisions at 
= 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他497名*
Physical Review C, 96(2), p.024907_1 - 024907_19, 2017/08
被引用回数：11 パーセンタイル：65.8(Physics, Nuclear)We report a measurement of pairs from semileptonic heavy-flavor decays in collisions at = 200 GeV. The pair yield from 
and 
is separated by exploiting a double differential fit done simultaneously in dielectron invariant mass and 
. We used three different event generators, 
, 
, and 
, to simulate the spectra from and production. The data can be well described by all three generators within the detector acceptance. However, when using the generators to extrapolate to 
, significant differences are observed for the total cross section. These difference are less pronounced for than for . The same model dependence was observed in already published data. The data are also directly compared with data in mass and , and within the statistical accuracy no nuclear modification is seen.
collisions at 
= 510 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他462名*
Physical Review D, 95(7), p.072002_1 - 072002_19, 2017/04
被引用回数：11 パーセンタイル：49.91(Astronomy & Astrophysics)Dihadron and isolated direct photon-hadron angular correlations are measured in collisions at = 510 GeV. Correlations of charged hadrons of 
GeV/
with 
mesons of 
GeV/ or isolated direct photons of 
GeV/ are used to study nonperturbative effects generated by initial-state partonic transverse momentum and final-state transverse momentum from fragmentation. The nonperturbative behavior is characterized by measuring the out-of-plane transverse momentum component 
perpendicular to the axis of the trigger particle, which is the high- direct photon or . Nonperturbative evolution effects are extracted from Gaussian fits to the away-side inclusive-charged-hadron yields for different trigger-particle transverse momenta (
). The Gaussian widths and root mean square of are reported as a function of the interaction hard scale to investigate possible transverse-momentum-dependent evolution differences between the -
and direct photon-
correlations and factorization breaking effects. The widths are found to decrease with , which indicates that the Collins-Soper-Sterman soft factor is not driving the evolution with the hard scale in nearly back-to-back dihadron and direct photon-hadron production in collisions. This behavior is in contrast to Drell-Yan and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering measurements.
= 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他545名*
Physical Review C, 94(6), p.064901_1 - 064901_14, 2016/12
被引用回数：74 パーセンタイル：97.96(Physics, Nuclear)The PHENIX experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured second- and third-order Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal distributions of direct photons emitted at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at = 200 GeV for various collision centralities. Combining two different analysis techniques, results were obtained in the transverse momentum range of 
GeV/. At low the second-order coefficients, 
, are similar to the ones observed in hadrons. Third-order coefficients, 
, are nonzero and almost independent of centrality. These new results on and , combined with previously published results on yields, are compared to model calculations that provide yields and asymmetries in the same framework. Those models are challenged to explain simultaneously the observed large yield and large azimuthal anisotropies.
=200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他397名*
Physical Review C, 94(5), p.054910_1 - 054910_18, 2016/11
被引用回数：24 パーセンタイル：84.18(Physics, Nuclear)Measurements of anisotropic flow Fourier coefficients (
) for inclusive charged particles and identified hadrons 
, 
, 
, and 
produced at midrapidity in Cu+Au collisions at = 200 GeV are presented. The data were collected in 2012 by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). The particle azimuthal distributions with respect to different-order symmetry planes 
, for 
1, 2, and 3 are studied as a function of transverse momentum over a broad range of collision centralities. Mass ordering, as expected from hydrodynamic flow, is observed for all three harmonics. The charged-particle results are compared with hydrodynamical and transport model calculations. We also compare these Cu+Au results with those in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at the same and find that the and , as a function of transverse momentum, follow a common scaling with 
.
= 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他385名*
Physical Review C, 93(5), p.051902_1 - 051902_8, 2016/05
被引用回数：35 パーセンタイル：90.49(Physics, Nuclear)Measurements of the anisotropic flow coefficients 
, 
, 
, and 
, for identified particles (, , and 
) at midrapidity, obtained relative to the event planes 
at forward rapidities in Au + Au collisions at 
200 GeV, are presented as a function of collision centrality and particle transverse momenta . The 
coefficients show characteristic patterns consistent with hydrodynamical expansion of the matter produced in the collisions. For each harmonic 
, a modified valence quark-number 
scaling [plotting 
versus transverse kinetic energies 
] is observed to yield a single curve for all the measured particle species for a broad range of 
. A simultaneous blast-wave model fit to the observed 
coefficients and published particle spectra identifies radial flow anisotropies 
and spatial eccentricities 
at freeze-out. These are generally smaller than the initial-state participant-plane geometric eccentricities 
as also observed in the final eccentricity from quantum interferometry measurements with respect to the event plane.
production in U + U collisions at = 193 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他397名*
Physical Review C, 93(3), p.034903_1 - 034903_12, 2016/03
被引用回数：9 パーセンタイル：57.48(Physics, Nuclear)The invariant yields, 
, for production at forward rapidity (
) in U+U collisions at = 193 GeV have been measured as a function of collision centrality. The invariant yields and nuclear-modification factor 
are presented and compared with those from Au + Au collisions in the same rapidity range. Additionally, the direct ratio of the invariant yields from U + U and Au + Au collisions within the same centrality class is presented, and used to investigate the role of coalescence. Two different parametrizations of the deformed Woods-Saxon distribution were used in Glauber calculations to determine the values of the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions in each centrality class, 
, and these were found to give significantly different values. Results using values from both deformed Woods-Saxon distributions are presented. The measured ratios show that the suppression, relative to binary collision scaling, is similar in U + U and Au + Au for peripheral and midcentral collisions, but that show less suppression for the most central U + U collisions. The results are consistent with a picture in which, for central collisions, increase in the yield due to coalescence becomes more important than the decrease in yield due to increased energy density. For midcentral collisions, the conclusions about the balance between coalescence and suppression depend on which deformed Woods-Saxon distribution is used to determine 
.
= 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他426名*
Physical Review C, 93(3), p.034904_1 - 034904_29, 2016/03
被引用回数：43 パーセンタイル：93.7(Physics, Nuclear)The PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured open heavy flavor production in minimum bias Au + Au collisions at = 200 GeV via the yields of electrons from semileptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons. Previous heavy flavor electron measurements indicated substantial modification in the momentum distribution of the parent heavy quarks owing to the quark-gluon plasma created in these collisions. For the first time, using the PHENIX silicon vertex detector to measure precision displaced tracking, the relative contributions from charm and bottom hadrons to these electrons as a function of transverse momentum are measured in Au + Au collisions. We compare the fraction of electrons from bottom hadrons to previously published results extracted from electron-hadron correlations in 
collisions at = 200 GeV and find the fractions to be similar within the large uncertainties on both measurements for 
4 GeV/. We use the bottom electron fractions in Au + Au and along with the previously measured heavy flavor electron to calculate the for electrons from charm and bottom hadron decays separately. We find that electrons from bottom hadron decays are less suppressed than those from charm for the region 3
4 GeV/.
=200 GeVAdare, A.*; 今井 憲一; 長谷川 勝一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他477名*
Physical Review Letters, 116(12), p.122301_1 - 122301_9, 2016/03
被引用回数：43 パーセンタイル：88.13(Physics, Multidisciplinary)Jet production rates are measured in and 
Au collisions at = 200 GeV recorded in 2008 with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Jets are reconstructed using the 
=0.3 anti-
algorithm from energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter and charged tracks in multiwire proportional chambers, and the jet transverse momentum () spectra are corrected for the detector response. Spectra are reported for jets with 
GeV/ within a pseudorapidity acceptance of 
. The nuclear-modification factor (
) values and central-to-peripheral ratios (
) show large, -dependent deviations from unity, challenging the conventional models that relate hard-process rates and soft-particle production in collisions involving nuclei.
hadrons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at from 62.4 GeV to 2.76 TeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他623名*
Physical Review C, 93(2), p.024911_1 - 024911_20, 2016/02
被引用回数：17 パーセンタイル：75.78(Physics, Nuclear)Measurements of the fractional momentum loss (
) of high-transverse-momentum-identified hadrons in heavy-ion collisions are presented. Using in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at = 62.4 and 200 GeV measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and and charged hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions measured by the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, we studied the scaling properties of 
as a function of a number of variables: the number of participants, 
, the number of quark participants, 
, the charged-particle density, 
, and the Bjorken energy density times the equilibration time, 
. We find that the , where has its maximum, varies both with centrality and collision energy. Above the maximum, tends to follow a power-law function with all four scaling variables. The data at = 200 and 2.76 TeV, for sufficiently high particle densities, have a common scaling of with and , lending insight into the physics of parton energy loss.
= 7.7-200 GeVAdare, A.*; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他506名*
Physical Review C, 93(1), p.011901_1 - 011901_8, 2016/01
被引用回数：73 パーセンタイル：97.96(Physics, Nuclear)We report the measurement of cumulants (
, 
) of the net-charge distributions measured within pseudorapidity (
) in Au + Au collisions at = 7.7-200 GeV with the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The ratios of cumulants (e.g., 
, 
) of the net-charge distributions, which can be related to volume independent susceptibility ratios, are studied as a function of centrality and energy. These quantities are important to understand the quantum-chromodynamics phase diagram and possible existence of a critical end point. The measured values are very well described by expectation from negative binomial distributions. We do not observe any nonmonotonic behavior in the ratios of the cumulants as a function of collision energy. The measured values of and can be directly compared to lattice quantum-chromodynamics calculations and thus allow extraction of both the chemical freeze-out temperature and the baryon chemical potential at each center-of-mass energy. The extracted baryon chemical potentials are in excellent agreement with a thermal-statistical analysis model.
meson production in 
+ Au collisions at = 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他477名*
Physical Review C, 92(4), p.044909_1 - 044909_14, 2015/10
被引用回数：12 パーセンタイル：63.27(Physics, Nuclear)The PHENIX Collaboration has measured meson production in + Au collisions at = 200 GeV using the dimuon and dielectron decay channels. The meson is measured in the forward (backward) -going (Au-going) direction, 
in the transverse-momentum () range from 1-7 GeV/ and at midrapidity 
in the range below 7 GeV/. The meson invariant yields and nuclear-modification factors as a function of , rapidity, and centrality are reported. An enhancement of meson production is observed in the Au-going direction, while suppression is seen in the -going direction, and no modification is observed at midrapidity relative to the yield in collisions scaled by the number of binary collisions. Similar behavior was previously observed for inclusive charged hadrons and open heavy flavor, indicating similar cold-nuclear-matter effects.
= 62.4 and 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 今井 憲一; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他420名*
Physical Review C, 92(3), p.034913_1 - 034913_20, 2015/09
被引用回数：20 パーセンタイル：78.02(Physics, Nuclear)We have studied the dependence of azimuthal anisotropy for inclusive and identified charged hadrons in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions on collision energy, species, and centrality. The values of as a function of transverse momentum and centrality in Au+Au collisions at = 200 and 62.4 GeV are the same within uncertainties. However, in Cu + Cu collisions we observe a decrease in values as the collision energy is reduced from 200 to 62.4 GeV. The decrease is larger in the more peripheral collisions. By examining both Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions we find that depends both on eccentricity and the number of participants, . We observe that divided by eccentricity (
) monotonically increases with and scales as 
. The Cu + Cu data at 62.4 GeV falls below the other scaled data. For identified hadrons, divided by the number of constituent quarks 
is independent of hadron species as a function of transverse kinetic energy 
between 
GeV. Combining all of the above scaling and normalizations, we observe a near-universal scaling, with the exception of the Cu + Cu data at 62.4 GeV, of 
vs 
for all measured particles.
= 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他493名*
Physical Review C, 92(3), p.034914_1 - 034914_21, 2015/09
被引用回数：23 パーセンタイル：81.68(Physics, Nuclear)We present a systematic study of charged-pion and kaon interferometry in Au + Au collisions at = 200 GeV. The kaon mean source radii are found to be larger than pion radii in the outward and longitudinal directions for the same transverse mass; this difference increases for more central collisions. The azimuthal angle dependence of the radii was measured with respect to the second-order event plane and similar oscillations of the source radii were found for pions and kaons. Hydrodynamic models qualitatively describe the similar oscillations of the mean source radii for pions and kaons, but they do not fully describe the transverse-mass dependence of the oscillations.
He + Au collisions at = 200 GeVAdare, A.*; 長谷川 勝一; 今井 憲一; 永宮 正治; 佐甲 博之; 佐藤 進; 谷田 聖; PHENIX Collaboration*; 他623名*
Physical Review Letters, 115(14), p.142301_1 - 142301_9, 2015/09
被引用回数：112 パーセンタイル：96.46(Physics, Multidisciplinary)We present the first measurement of elliptic () and triangular () flow in high-multiplicity He + Au collisions at = 200 GeV. Two-particle correlations, where the particles have a large separation in pseudorapidity, are compared in He + Au and in collisions and indicate that collective effects dominate the second and third Fourier components for the correlations observed in the He + Au system. The collective behavior is quantified in terms of elliptic and triangular anisotropy coefficients measured with respect to their corresponding event planes. The values are comparable to those previously measured in + Au collisions at the same nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy. Comparisons with various theoretical predictions are made, including to models where the hot spots created by the impact of the three He nucleons on the Au nucleus expand hydrodynamically to generate the triangular flow. The agreement of these models with data may indicate the formation of low-viscosity quark-gluon plasma even in these small collision systems.
